מילון מונחים

בת/בר-קיימא – Sustainable

אסטרטגיה המשתמשת במשאבים באופן מושכל כדי לצמצם את צריכתם ואת הפגיעה בהם ולהותיר משאבים גם לדורות הבאים.

היערכות אוטונומית (Autonomous Adaptation) (Spontaneous Adaptation)

היערכות אוטונומית היא היערכות שאינה מבוססת על תגובה מודעת לשינויי אקלים אלא מופעלת ע"י שינויים אקולוגיים במערכות טבעיות או ע"י שינויי שוק או שינויים ברווחה של מערכות אנושיות.

היערכות מקדימה (Proactive Adaptation / Anticipatory Adaptation)

היערכות הנעשית לפני שהשפעות של שינויי אקלים מורגשות בשטח.

היערכות מתוכננת (Planned Adaptation)

היערכות או התאמה שהיא תוצר של קבלת החלטות מכוונת המבוססת על מודעות שהתנאים השתנו או עומדים להשתנות ויש לנקוט בפעולה כדי להשיב את המצב על כנו, לתחזק את המצב הקיים או להשיג את המצב הרצוי.

היערכות פרטית (Private Adaptation)

היערכות ויישומה הנעשית ביוזמת פרטים, בתי אב וחברות פרטיות ומבוססת על האינטרס העצמי שלהן.

היערכות ציבורית (Public Adaptation)

היערכות ויישומה ביוזמת הממשלה על כל שלביה ומודרכת ע"י האינטרסים והצרכים של הציבור.

היערכות תגובתית, מגיבה (Reactive Adaptation)

היערכות והתאמה הננקטות לאחר שהשפעות שינויי האקלים כבר חלו.

היערכות, התאמה (Adaptation)

הסתגלות של מערכות טבעיות או אנושיות בתגובה לשינויי אקלים אקטואליים או מצופים, או להשפעותיהם. ההסתגלות ממתנת את הפגיעות ומאפשרות לנצל הזדמנויות מועילות. בדרך כלל ההסתגלות כוללת צעדים מעשיים להגנת מדינות וקהילות מפני הפרעות או נזקים שנגרמים ע"י שינויי אקלים.

חוסן (Resilience)

• חוסן או עמידות מתייחס לכמות השינוי שמערכת יכולה לספוג ללא שינוי של מצבה (IPCC TAR 2001).
• חוסן או עמידות מתייחסים ליכולת של מערכת להתגבר על השפעות של לחץ כבד עליה, שיתכן שגרם לה נזק (UKCIP, 2003).
• חוסן או עמידות מתייחסים ל-3 תנאים המאפשרים למערכות חברתיות או אקולוגיות להתאושש מחדש לאחר זעזוע שספגו. התנאים הם: יכולת ארגון עצמי, יכולת להגן מפני הפרעות ופגיעות במערכת ויכולת ללמוד ולהסתגל (Tompkins, 2005).

חלוקת נטל ההפסד (Share losses)

נשיאה משותפת בהפסד בקרב קבוצות או באמצעות קרנות ציבוריות כדוגמת ביטוח.

טווח התמודדות (Coping Range)

השונות בגורמי שינוי אקלימי שמערכת יכולה לספוג ללא השפעות שליליות עליה.

יכולת (Capacity)

שילוב של כל הכוחות והמשאבים הזמינים בקהילה, חברה או ארגון היכולים לצמצם את רמת הסיכון או את ההשפעות של אסון. יכולות כוללות אמצעים פיזיים, מוסדיים, חברתיים וכלכליים וכן כוח אדם מיומן ואף תכונות כגון מנהיגות וכושר ניהול (UN/ISDR, 2004).

יכולת היערכות, יכולת התאמה (Adaptive Capacity)

התכונה של מערכת להתאים את עצמה לשינויי אקלים (כולל השונות והקיצון) כדי למתן ולשכך נזקים פוטנציאלים או לנצל את היתרונות של הזדמנויות, או להתמודד עם תוצאותיו (IPCC TAR 2001a) ההיערכות יכולה להיות ספונטנית או מתוכננת, לדוגמה, בניית יכולת אצל הציבור בנושא חיסכון או תכנון רגיש למים ע"י חינוך והכשרה.

יכולת התמודדות (Coping Capacity)

האמצעים שבעזרתם בני אדם או ארגונים משתמשים במשאבים זמינים וביכולת כדי לקדם תוצאות שליליות העשויות להוביל לאסון. חיזוק יכולות ההתמודדות בונה חוסן (Resilience) כדי שניתן יהיה לעמוד בהשפעות של אסונות טבע או מעשה ידי אדם (UN/ISDR, 2004).

ללא חרטה / חרטה נמוכה / חרטה גבוהה:No / Low / High Regret

• ללא חרטה – אסטרטגיה שיש לאמץ בכל מקרה, גם ללא כל שינויים (אקלימיים, אנושיים) במשק המים.
• חרטה נמוכה – אסטרטגיה מאומצת לאדפטציה הנושאת עמה עלות נמוכה.
• חרטה גבוהה – אסטרטגיה מאומצת שעשויה להיות בעלת עלות גבוהה באם לא יחולו שינויים אקלימיים.

ניהול אינטגרטיבי של אגני היקוות (IWM Integrated Water Shed Management – )

ניהול משולב מתבסס על מערכות אקולוגיות תוך התחשבות בגבולות סטטוטוריים. זוהי גישה אינטגרטיבית לניהול מערכת סביבתית שאגן ניקוז הוא חלק ממנה. הגישה מאחדת תכנון, מדיניות ופעילויות לשם פיקוח על המים ועל משאבי טבע אחרים באגן הניקוז. IWM היא גישה יישומית ובת קיימא לניהול אגני היקוות.

נשיאה בנטל ההפסד (Bear Losses)

פעילויות התאמה אשר מבוצעות לאחר שתופעת שינויי האקלים השפיעה על השוק וגרמה להפסדים בהם יש להתחשב ומבוצעת בעיקר ברמת הפרט.

סיכון, סכנה (Risk)

סיכון בהקשר לאקלים הוא תוצר של האינטראקציה בין אסונות פיזיים לבין התכונות של המערכת החשופה להם – כלומר רגישותה ופגיעותה החברתית. סיכון שווה להסתברות של סכנה סביבתית מוכפל ברמת הפגיעות של מערכת נתונה (UNDP 2005). סיכון הוא שילוב של שני גורמים: ההסתברות לאירוע בעל תוצאות שליליות והתוצאות של אירוע כזה. סיכון משלב את ההשפעות על מערכות טבעיות ואנושיות ונובע מהחשיפה לסכנה.

עלויות היערכות (Adaptation Costs)

עלויות התכנון, ההכנות, הסיוע והיישום של שיטות היערכות, כולל עלויות תקופת המעבר (IPCC TAR 2001a).

פגיעות (Vulnerability)

פגיעות מתייחסת לדרגה שבה מערכת חשופה, או אינה יכולה להתמודד עם השפעות שליליות של שינויי אקלים כגון שונות ואירועי קיצון. פגיעות מושפעת מאופי, עוצמה ושיעור השונות באקלים שאליהם חשופה מערכת, רגישותה ויכולת ההסתגלות שלה (IPCC TAR 2001).

פעילויות מניעה (Prevent Effect Prevention)

פעולות למניעה השפעות שינויי אקלים למשל ע"י שינוי ייעוד של שימוש קרקע או שינוי מיקומו.

רגישות (Sensitivity)

מידת הרגישות וההשפעות החיוביות והשליליות של שינויי אקלים (ישירות או בעקיפין).

שיטות הפיכות וגמישות (Reversible Flexible Policy)

אסטרטגיה שניתן לשנות את העלות הכרוכה בהפעלתה במקרה ולא חלים שינויים אקלימיים או אנושיים במשק המים.

שילוב במדיניות ומוסדות קיימים (Mainstreaming)

אין עדיין הגדרה מוסכמת ל-mainstreaming, אבל משתמשים במונח זה כמילה נרדפת לאינטגרציה. הביטוי מתייחס לשילוב של מטרות ההיערכות, אסטרטגיות היערכות, מדיניות, אמצעים ופעולות להיערכות כך שהם הופכים לחלק בלתי נפרד מהמדיניות הלאומית והאזורית, מהתהליכים, והתקציבים בכל הדרגים והשלבים של הממשל (UNDP 2005).

שינויי אקלים (Climate Change)

כל שינוי באקלים לאורך ציר הזמן, בין שנגרם ע"י שונות טבעית או כתוצאה של פעילות אנושית (IPCC TAR 2001).

שמירה על שולי ביטחון (Existence of Safety Margins)

אסטרטגיות המפחיתות את הפגיעות המערכתית בעלות אפסית או נמוכה מאוד. למשל ע"י בניית חומות הגנה מפני עליית פני הים או בניית מערכת ניקוז עם שולי בטיחות מונעת את העלות הגבוהה של תיקון, התאמה ובנייה מחד של תשתיות אלה.

מאמרים ופרסומים אחרונים

2020

Climate change strategic narratives in the United Kingdom: Emergency, Extinction, Effectiveness

Achieving policy, business and behaviour change necessary to mitigate climate change is one of the most formidable challenges of the twenty-first century. Increasingly, researchers have argued that communicating purposively designed stories – ‘strategic narratives’ – may be effective in building support for the policy measures necessary to limit anthropogenic warming to 2˚C above pre-industrial levels

מידע נוסף

2020

Greening schoolyards - An urban resilience perspective

Greening schoolyards and redesigning them to be better playgrounds delivers multiple benefits

Greening schoolyards is a highly distributed urban intervention that can enhance city resilience as a whole

Integrating resilience into project design and implementation requires a practical resilience framework

מידע נוסף

2020

Principles, drivers, and policy tools for just climate change adaptation in legacy cities

Climate change adaptation presents an opportunity for legacy cities to address growing social, racial, and economic inequality, or engage in just climate change adaptation. While the importance of just and equitable climate change adaptation is well understood, the policy and politics that underlie such efforts are less well understood. This paper focuses on the development of just climate change adaptation strategies in legacy cities, particularly those in the Great Lakes region of the U.S., wh

מידע נוסף

2020

תכנית פעולה היערכות לשינויי אקלים - תל אביב יפו - 2020

התכנית ממפה את שינויי האקלים הצפויים ואת השפעתם על העיר, על האוכלוסייה ועל מערך השירותים והסביבה הפיזית.
מתוך ניתוח התחזיות והתרחישים, זיהינו שתי משימות מפתח לעשור הקרוב: קירור העיר וניהול המים.
לצורך מימושן, קבענו מגוון כלים ופעולות, כדי להבטיח את המשך איכות החיים בעיר, למרות שינויי האקלים.

מידע נוסף

2020

Care-full and just: Making a difference through climate change adaptation

In the small city of Dunedin, on the south-east coast of Aotearoa New Zealand, sea-level rise and increased flood events are affecting communities. The potential for climate change impacts in South Dunedin to exacerbate existing inequalities is high. Floods in 2015 became a catalyst for a different way of ‘doing’ climate change adaptation suggesting more care-full and just intentions and practices

מידע נוסף

2020

Collaboratively Developing Tools for Climate Change Adaptation-Lessons for Research and Policy

Climate change is causing extreme weather events to increase in frequency and intensity, putting cities, home to most of Europe’s population, at rapidly increasing risk

מידע נוסף

2020

Standardisation in local climate change adaptation: benefits, myths and recommendations

This policy brief provides an outline of the urban standardisation landscape in Europe, covering the benefits of (and barriers to) using standards for local climate change adaptation, outlining existing relevant standards for local governments, busting persistent myths about using them, and concluding with a set of recommendations for local governments and creators of standards.

מידע נוסף

2020

How does private adaptation motivation to climate change vary across cultures? Evidence from a meta-analysis

Natural hazards, exacerbated by climate change, increasingly affect societies worldwide. The accelerating risks entail that private adaptation complement more traditional public climate change adaptation measures. Culture plays an important role in framing how individuals experience hazards and behave toward them. Yet, empirical research explicitly measuring whether and how climate change adaptation varies across cultures is lacking. To address this gap, we collect meta-analytic data on factors

מידע נוסף

2020

חוסן עירוני בשגרה ובחירום-אסטרטגיות, פרקטיקות והמלצות לרשויות המקומיות

משבר הקורונה העמיד את הרשויות המקומיות בישראל ובעולם בפני דילמות ואתגרים קריטיים. לצד
המחיר הכבד שהמשבר גבה וממשיך לגבות מהתושבים, מהעסקים ומהרשויות המקומיות עצמן, מבטאת
תקופה זו ביתר שאת את תפקידו המרכזי של השלטון המקומי - לא רק בהוצאה לפועל של מדיניות הממשלה
ובהפעלת מערכי חירום, אלא גם בהובלה של יוזמות ומהלכים מקומיים, המספקים לתושבים מענה משלים
והכרחי, המתבסס על צרכי המקום ונסיבותיו הייחודיות.

מידע נוסף

2020

What is ecosystem-based adaptation

Healthy ecosystems can reduce the negative impacts of climate change. For instance, coastal habitats like mangroves provide natural flood defences, well-protected lakes retain water sources during droughts, and healthy forests reduce the risk of devastating wildfires. Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) is an approach that uses these ecosystem services as part of a holistic adaptation strategy. Often through win-win outcomes, EbA protects vulnerable communities from extreme weather while simultaneo

מידע נוסף

2020

A diagnostic tool for supporting policymaking on urban resilience

Urban resilience has become a popular notion among urban policymakers and scientists, as a way to deal with the many complex issues that cities face. While it has positive connotations and resonates with local urban agendas, it is not always clear what it means and what factors contribute to resilience. Additionally, critical literature observes that people's views on what resilience means can differ strongly and the many choices that are made in planning and implementing resilience are ofte

מידע נוסף

2020

Financing Water Supply, Sanitation and Flood Protection

The OECD and the Directorate-General for Environment, the European Commission department responsible for EU policy on the environment, joined forces to examine current and future water-related financing challenges faced by EU member states. These include investments needed to comply with EU regulation for water supply, wastewater collection and treatment, and flood protection. As part of the research, new data was produced on current levels of expenditure for water supply, sanitation and flood p

מידע נוסף

2020

פיתוח חוסן חברתי: מה בין מגפת הקורונה למשבר האקלים?

הזרקור על משבר הקורונה כמגיפה בריאותית והחיפוש אחר פתרונות בריאותיים מידיים )בידוד, שמירה
על הי גיינה אישית וריחוק חברתי( וארוכי טווח )המרוץ לחיסון(, הסיטו מהדיון היבטים חברתיים של
המשבר. כחברה שרוצה לפתח חוסן לאומי וחברתי, עלינו לבחון מי מצליח להתמודד טוב יותר בעתות
המשבר ומי פחות? מי יצליח לחזור מהר יותר לשגרה ומי יתקשה?
נתונים ראשוניים בעודנו בעיצומו של המשבר, מלמדים כי הנפגעים העיקריים מגיעים משכבות
האוכלוסייה המוחלשות בחברה הישראלית.

מידע נוסף

2020

Exploring potential adaptation options for policy and decision-makers: The Climate-ADAPT Catalogue

Adaptation options are measures and actions that can be implemented to manage climate risks to an acceptable level, taking advantage of any positive opportunities that may arise from climate change. Climate-ADAPT provides a catalogue of potential adaptation options that can be explored by climate impacts and adaptation sectors of interest

מידע נוסף

2020

Green climate change adaptation and the politics of designing ecological infrastructures

There is a distinctive ecological turn within contemporary urban infrastructure design linked to the embrace of green approaches to climate adaptation and new ‘ecological’ and ‘landscape infrastructures’ which combine green and grey features. These promise a wide range of ecological, social and cultural benefits and have been accompanied by distinctive new design visions and imaginaries

מידע נוסף

2020

Multi-Dimensional Data Preparation: A Process to Support Vulnerability Analysis and Climate Change Adaptation

Agriculture is the backbone of a country’s economic system, considering that it not only provides food and raw materials but also employment opportunities for a large percentage of the population. In this way, determining the degree of agricultural vulnerability represents a guide for sustainability and adaptability focused on changing future conditions. In many cases, vulnerability analysis data is restricted to use by authorized personnel only, leaving open data policies aside

מידע נוסף

2020

היערכות ישראל לשינוי אקלים: מיפוי אוכלוסיות פגיעות-סקירת ספרות ומסמכי מדיניות מהעולם

סקירה זו נכתבה לשימוש מינהלת היערכות לשינוי אקלים לצורך העמקת הדיון בנושא פיתוח חוסן חברתי בהיערכות ישראל לשינוי אקלים. זאת מתוך הבנה כי על תוכנית ההיערכות לכלול התייחסות ייחודית לקבוצות חברתיות פגיעות יותר לשינוי אקלים. לצורך הכנת המסמך נערכה סקירה של הספרות האקדמית ושל מסמכי מדיניות מרחבי העולם, מופו הקבוצות החברתיות הפגיעות יותר לשינוי אקלים ונסקרו דרכי ההתמודדות האפשריות ברמה הלאומית והמקומית. כמו
כן, הושם דגש על התאמת הסקירה להיבטים החברתיים והתרבותיים הייחודים של ישראל.

מידע נוסף

2020

What makes climate change adaptation effective? A systematic review of the literature

Increased understanding of global warming and documentation of its observable impacts have led to the development of adaptation responses to climate change around the world. A necessary, but often missing, component of adaptation involves the assessment of outcomes and impact

מידע נוסף

2020

Accelerating invasion potential of disease vector Aedes aegypti under climate change

Vector-borne diseases remain a major contributor to the global burden of disease, while climatechange is expected to exacerbate their risk. Characterising vector development rate and its spatio-temporal variation under climate change is central to assessing the changing basis of human disease risk. We develop a mechanistic phenology model and apply it to Aedes aegypti, an invasive mosquito vector for arboviruses (e.g. dengue, zika and yellow fever).

מידע נוסף

2020

Shifting to climate change aware cities to facilitate the city resilience implementation

Climate change (CC) is one of the most urgent threats to modern societies, having direct and indirect consequences on the rapid growth of urban areas. Cities are attempting to both reduce their impact on the environment and build resilience to be able to face the irreversible effects of CC through plans and strategies

מידע נוסף

2020

The Dasgupta Review – Independent Review on the Economics of Biodiversity- Interim Report

The independent Review will explore the sustainability of our engagements with Nature – what we take from it; how we transform what we take from it and return to it; why we have disrupted Nature’s processes; and what we must urgently do differently to enhance our collective wealth and well-being, and that of our descendants

מידע נוסף

2020

-Common Ground Between the Paris Agreement and the Sendai Framework - Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction

Countries are faced with the growing challenge of managing increasing risks from climate change and climate variability, putting development and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals at risk. The adoption in 2015 of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and the Paris Agreement on climate change provides a clear mandate for increased coherence in countries’ approaches to climate and disaster risk reduction

מידע נוסף

2020

Three steps to integrate climate change adaptation and development: Addressing resilience in Danish development policy

The world needs resilient societies. In order to achieve this, adaptation to climate change is key. Denmark’s development cooperation should take a leading role in the integration of climate change adaptation and development.

מידע נוסף

2020

Building resilience against biological hazards and pandemics: COVID-19 and its implications for the Sendai Framework

Year 2020 has become the year of coping with Covid-19
This year was to be the “super year” for sustainability, a year of strengthening global actions to accelerate the transformations required for achieving the 2030 agenda. We argue that 2020 can and must be a year of both. Thus we call for more utilisation of the health-emergency disaster risk management (Health-EDRM) framework to complement current responses to COVID-19 and the patent risk of similar phenomena in the future

מידע נוסף

2020

The projected timing of abrupt ecological disruption from climate change

As anthropogenic climate change continues the risks to biodiversity will increase over time, with future projections indicating that a potentially catastrophic loss of global biodiversity is on the horizon1,2,3. However, our understanding of when and how abruptly this climate-driven disruption of biodiversity will occur is limited because biodiversity forecasts typically focus on individual snapshots of the future. Here we use annual projections (from 1850 to 2100) of temperature and precipitati

מידע נוסף

2020

Exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 mortality in the United States

United States government scientists estimate that COVID-19 may kill between 100,000 and 240,000 Americans. The majority of the pre-existing conditions that increase the risk of death for COVID-19 are the same diseases that are affected by long-term exposure to air pollution. We investigate whether long-term average exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) increases the risk of COVID-19 deaths in the United States

מידע נוסף

2020

How our responses to climate change and the coronavirus are linked

The coronavirus pandemic may lead to a deeper understanding of the ties that bind us on a global scale

מידע נוסף

2020

UNDRR Annual Report 2019

Annual report for the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction 2019

מידע נוסף

2020

Floodplains: a natural system to preserve and restore

Floodplains are part of Europe’s natural capital, covering 7 % of the continent's area and up to 30 % of its terrestrial Natura 2000 site area. Studies have shown that 70-90 % of floodplains have been environmentally degraded. The objective of this work is to showcase that natural floodplains support achieving multiple EU policy objectives. More specifically to show that natural and restored floodplains provide an alternative to structural measures for providing flood protection, and at the

מידע נוסף

2020

Global warming to increase violent crime in the United States

Recent studies have revealed large and robust correlations between seasonal climate and violent crime rates at regional scales within the continental United States, begging the question of how future climate change will influence violent crime rates. Here, we combine empirical models from previous studies with 42 state-of-the-art global climate models to make such projections, while accounting for key factors like regionality and seasonality, and appropriately combining multiple of sources of un

מידע נוסף

2020

From incremental to transformative adaptation in individual responses to climate-exacerbated hazards

In this Review of scholarship on behavioural adaptation, we find that most empirical studies focus on the affective and cognitive drivers of behaviours with largely private benefits. Few examine behaviours with collective benefits or explore the moderating role of social factors on affective and cognitive cues

מידע נוסף

2020

The Global Risks Report 2020

The Global Risks Report 2020 presents the major risks the world will be facing in the coming year. The global economy is facing an increased risk of stagnation, climate change is striking harder and more rapidly than expected

מידע נוסף

2020

Economy-wide effects of coastal flooding due to sea level rise: a multi-model simultaneous treatment of mitigation, adaptation, and residual impacts

The article presents a multi-model assessment of the macroeconomic impacts of coastal flooding due to sea level rise and the respective economy-wide implications of adaptation measures for two greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration targets, namely the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP)2.6 and RCP4.5, and subsequent temperature increases

מידע נוסף

2020

Anomalously warm temperatures are associated with increased injury deaths

Temperatures that deviate from the long-term local norm affect human health, and are projected to become more frequent as the global climate changes. There are limited data on how such anomalies affect deaths from injuries. In the present study, we used data on mortality and temperature over 38 years (1980–2017) in the contiguous USA and formulated a Bayesian spatio-temporal model to quantify how anomalous temperatures, defined as deviations of monthly temperature from the local average monthly

מידע נוסף

2020

Climate risk and response: Physical hazards and socioeconomic impacts

In this report, we look at the physical effects of our changing climate. We explore risks today
and over the next three decades and examine cases to understand the mechanisms through
which physical climate change leads to increased socioeconomic risk

מידע נוסף

2020

Strengthening Post-Hurricane Supply Chain Resilience - Observations from Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria

Resilient supply chains are crucial to maintaining the consistent delivery of goods and services to the American people. The modern economy has made supply chains more interconnected than ever, while also expanding both their range and fragility. In the third quarter of 2017, Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria revealed some significant vulnerabilities in the national and regional supply chains of Texas, Florida, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico

מידע נוסף

2019

2019 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction

The buildings and construction sector accounted for 36% of final energy use and 39% of energy
and process-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in 2018, 11% of which resulted from
manufacturing building materials and products such as steel, cement and glass. This year’s Global Status Report provides an update on drivers of CO2 emissions and energy demand globally since 2017, along with examples of policies, technologies and investments that support low-carbon building stocks

מידע נוסף

2019

Building urban resilience with nature-based solutions: How can urban planning contribute?

Cities face increasing environmental, social and economic challenges that together threaten the resilience of urban areas and the residents who live and work there. These challenges include chronic stresses and acute shocks, amplified by climate change impacts. Nature-based solutions have emerged as a concept for integrating ecosystem-based approaches to address a range of societal challenges

מידע נוסף

2019

How England’s broken planning system has created (not reduced) the risk of floods

Recent floods in England have been described as unprecedented or even “biblical” events, often with the misguided assumption that they were unavoidable or unpredictable. That is not the case.

מידע נוסף

2019

State of Climate Services 2019 - Poster

מידע נוסף

2019

WMO Provisional Statement on the State of the Global Climate in 2019

מידע נוסף

2019

Climate Finance and Sustainable Cities

The theme of the 2019 SCF Forum was “Climate finance and sustainable cities”. The objective of the Forum was to enhance understanding of how to accelerate the mobilization and delivery of climate finance for the development of sustainable cities

מידע נוסף

2019

2019 National Preparedness Report

The National Preparedness Report evaluates annual preparedness progress and challenges facing the whole community. The 2019 National Preparedness Report highlights the diverse range of preparedness challenges the Nation faces—from terrorism and active shooter incidents, to cyber attacks, to natural disasters, as well as how stakeholders across the Nation are using preparedness grant funding to invest in preparedness improvements

מידע נוסף

2019

Yearbook of global climate Action 2019

The Yearbook identifies opportunities and challenges for mitigation and resilience in the seven thematic areas of the Marrakech Partnership (land use, oceans and coastal zones, water, human settlements, transport, energy and industry) and the cross-cutting area of finance

מידע נוסף

2019

Meeting the looming policy challenge of sea-level change and human migration

Minimizing the adverse consequences of sea-level change presents a key societal challenge. New modelling is necessary to examine the implications of global policy decisions that determine future greenhouse gas emissions and local policies around coastal risk that influence where and how we live

מידע נוסף

2019

Global Climate Report - October 2019

Last October was Earth’s second-hottest October in recorded history, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The agency announced that average global land and ocean surface temperatures in October were 1.76 degrees above the 20th century average.

מידע נוסף

2019

שינוי האקלים בישראל מגמות עבר ומגמות חזויות במשטר הטמפרטורות והמשקעים

בדו"ח זה לראשונה מציג השירות המטאורולוגי ניתוח בהיקף נרחב של מגמות הטמפרטורה
וכמויות המשקעים על בסיס נתוני העבר מכל רחבי הארץ וניתוח תחזיות של מודלים אקלימיים
אזוריים לעשורים הקרובים

מידע נוסף

2019

The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate

The Lancet Countdown is an international, multidisciplinary collaboration, dedicated to monitoring the evolving health profile of climate change, and providing an independent assessment of the delivery of commitments made by governments worldwide under the Paris agreement

מידע נוסף

2019

Perspectives of climate change adaptation of building areas against heat waves

This paper makes a contribution to the 11th SDG "Sustainable Cities and Communities" with the target to improve the adaptation to climate change and resilience to disasters in terms of summer heat

מידע נוסף

2019

World Scientists’ Warning of a Climate Emergency

Scientists have a moral obligation to clearly warn humanity of any catastrophic threat and to “tell it like it is”

מידע נוסף

2019

GAR19 - Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction

This fifth edition of the United Nations Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction (GAR) is being issued four years after the adoption of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (Sendai Framework).

מידע נוסף

2019

2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

The 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories was adopted and accepted during the 49th Session of the IPCC in May 2019

מידע נוסף

2019

2019 - IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

The latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report
highlights the urgency of prioritizing timely, ambitious and coordinated action to address
.unprecedented and enduring changes in the ocean and cryosphere

מידע נוסף

2019

Quantifying the impact of changing the threshold of New York City heat emergency plan in reducing heat-related illnesses

The adverse health impact of high heat is widely documented and can lead to a substantial public health burden. Although heat-related illness in western countries is largely preventable, extreme heat remains the main weather contributor to the burden of disease in the United States.

מידע נוסף

2019

The Role of Green Infrastructures in Urban Planning for Climate Change Adaptation

The population that lives in cities has surpassed the one that lives in the countryside. Cities are recognized as apriority source of pollution. The degradation of air quality and the phenomenon of Urban Heat Island (UHI) are some of the most well-known consequences of urban development. The adaptation of the cities is emerging as one of the greatest challenges that urban planners will face in this century. Urban Green Infrastructures (GIs) could help cities adapt to climate change

מידע נוסף

2019

Peak energy, peak oil, and the rise of renewables: An executive’s guide to the global energy system

In this episode of the McKinsey Podcast, Simon London speaks with senior partners Namit Sharma and Christer Tryggestad about their research in the Global Energy Perspective 2019 and
.where global energy demand is headed in the decades to come

מידע נוסף

2019

UN 2019 sixth Global Environment Outlook: GEO-6 - Summary for Policymakers

UN Environment’s sixth Global Environment Outlook (2019) calls on decision makers to take immediate action to address pressing environmental issues to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals as well as other Internationally Agreed Environment Goals, such as the Paris Agreement

מידע נוסף

2019

The case for strategic and managed climate retreat

Faced with global warming, rising sea levels, and the climate-related extremes they intensify, the question is no longer whether some communities will retreat—moving people and assets out of harm's way—but why, where, when, and how they will retreat.

מידע נוסף

2019

Accelerating Climate Action

This report builds on the OECD Well-being Framework and applies a new perspective that analyses synergies and trade-offs between climate change mitigation and broader goals such as health, education, jobs, as well as wider environmental quality and the resources needed to sustain our livelihoods through time

מידע נוסף

2019

Tracking global climate change adaptation among governments

The Paris Agreement and Katowice Climate Package articulate a clear mandate for all parties to undertake and document adaptation progress. Yet persistent challenges have prevented substantive developments in tracking adaptation and the assessment of adaptation actions and their outcomes

מידע נוסף

2019

Business Climate Resilience: Thriving Through the Transformation

WBCSD’s report brings together important global developments and latest thinking on climate adaptation and resilience, with particular focus on private sector climate resilience. It builds on the need for businesses to prepare for both the physical risks that are associated with climate change, as well as the associated transitional risks on the path towards a net-zero economy

מידע נוסף

2019

Adapt Now: A Global Call for Leadership on Climate Resilience - 2019

This report focuses on making the case for climate adaptation, providing specific insights
and recommendations in key sectors: food security, the natural environment, water, cities and
urban areas, infrastructure, disaster risk management, and finance. It is designed to inspire
action among decision-makers

מידע נוסף

2019

Challenges to natural and human communities from surprising ocean temperatures

Based on historical and lived experience, people expect certain conditions to prevail in the ecosystems they depend upon. Climate change is now introducing strong trends that push conditions beyond historic levels. Using ocean ecosystems as a case study, we show that the frequency of surprising temperatures is increasing faster than expected. We then use these events as motivation to develop a theory for how temperature trends and events will impact natural and human communities

מידע נוסף

2019

The Global Climate in 2015–2019

Compared to the previous five-year assessment period 2011–2015, the current five-year period 2015–2019 has seen a continued increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions
and an accelerated increase in the atmospheric concentration of major greenhouse
gases (GHGs), with growth rates nearly 20% higher

מידע נוסף

2019

The Global Risks Report 2019

The Global Risks Report 2019 is published against a backdrop of worrying geopolitical and geo-economic tensions. If unresolved, these tensions will hinder the world’s ability to deal with a growing range of collective challenges

מידע נוסף

2019

Tracking the progress of climate change adaptation: An Australian case study

The six adaptation conferences organised by the National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility between 2010 and 2018 provide a unique and novel opportunity to track adaptation progress in Australia

מידע נוסף

2019

A Land Without Water

Climate change, waves of refugees and poor planning are draining water supplies
in Jordan

מידע נוסף

2019

Climate change adaptation in the agriculture sector in Europe

Climate change affects agriculture in a number of ways. Changes in temperature and precipitation as well as weather and climate extremes are already influencing crop yields and livestock productivity in Europe. Weather and climate conditions also affect the availability of water needed for irrigation, livestock watering practices, processing of agricultural products, and transport and storage conditions

מידע נוסף

2019

Changing climate both increases and decreases European river floods

Climate change has led to concerns about increasing river floods resulting from the greater water-holding capacity of a warmer atmosphere. These concerns are reinforced by evidence of increasing economic losses associated with flooding in many parts of the world, including Europe

מידע נוסף

2019

Monitoring and Evaluating Climate Adaptation Activities: A Reference Guide for City Managers

Cities are leading the way in committing to ambitious climate adaptation goals and implementing strategies to reduce climate risks. However, these commitments to adaptation action often face challenges in documenting changes in resilience of urban systems and populations. To capture these adaptation results, cities will need to develop robust monitoring and reporting frameworks to measure achievement, document outcomes and learn from their adaptation activities

מידע נוסף

2019

Transformative adaptation to climate change for sustainable social-ecological systems

In the face of major shifts in temperature and precipitation, some conventional strategies that help people to cope or incrementally adapt to climate change may become inappropriate in the long-term. Transformative adaptation, i.e. fundamental systems’ changes that address root causes of vulnerability may be needed

מידע נוסף

2019

Managing global catastrophic risks - Part 1 - Understand

Sponsored by the Centre for the Study of Existential Risk (CSER), this report is dedicated to providing options for policy-makers to better understand, mitigate, prepare for, respond to and communicate about global catastrophic risks

מידע נוסף

2019

Valuing the Global Mortality Consequences of Climate Change Accounting for Adaptation Costs and Benefits

We develop empirically-grounded estimates of willingness-to-pay to avoid excess mortality risks caused by climate change. Using 40 countries' subnational data, we estimate a mortality-temperature relationship that enables global extrapolation to countries without data and projection of its future evolution, accounting for adaptation benefits. Further, we develop a revealed preference approach to recover unobserved adaptation costs

מידע נוסף

2019

Tens of thousands additional deaths annually in cities of China between 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C warming

The increase in surface air temperature in China has been faster than the global rate, and more high temperature spells are expected to occur in future. Here we assess the annual heat-related mortality in densely populated cities of China at 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C global warming

מידע נוסף

2019

How does gendered vulnerability shape the adoption and impact of sustainable livelihood interventions in an era of global climate change?

Though many studies have long considered the broad social implications of climate change, researchers have only recently started to consider the gendered unevenness of the global landscape of vulnerability, exposure, and adaptive capacity to environmental stressors and shocks

מידע נוסף

2019

Adaptive responses of animals to climate change are most likely insufficient

Biological responses to climate change have been widely documented across taxa and regions, but it remains unclear whether species are maintaining a good match between phenotype and environment, i.e. whether observed trait changes are adaptive. Here we reviewed 10,090 abstracts and extracted data from 71 studies reported in 58 relevant publications, to assess quantitatively whether phenotypic trait changes associated with climate change are adaptive in animals

מידע נוסף

2019

WMO Statement on the State of the Global Climate in 2018

This publication marks the twenty-fifth anniversary of the WMO Statement on the State of the Global Climate, which was first issued in 1994. The 2019 edition treating data for 2018 marks sustained international efforts dedicated to reporting on, analysing and understanding the year-to-year variations and long-term trends of a changing climate

מידע נוסף

2019

Increased frequency of and population exposure to extreme heat index days in the United States during the 21st century

The National Weather Service of the United States uses the heat index—a combined measure of temperature and relative humidity—to define risk thresholds warranting the issuance of public heat alerts. We use statistically downscaled climate models to project the frequency of and population exposure to days exceeding these thresholds in the contiguous US for the 21st century with two emissions and three population change scenarios

מידע נוסף

2019

The imperative of climate action to protect human health in Europe

The report focuses on the consequences of climate change for human health in Europe and the benefits of acting now to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in order to stabilise the climate

מידע נוסף

2019

Agrivoltaics provide mutual benefits across the food–energy–water nexus in drylands

The vulnerabilities of our food, energy and water systems to projected climatic change make building resilience in renewable energy and food production a fundamental challenge

מידע נוסף

2019

Adaptation challenges and opportunities for the European energy system

This report analyses the needs for climate change adaptation and climate resilience in Europe’s energy system now and in the future. This assessment supports the clean energy transition, which involves a massive expansion of renewable energy sources, many of which are sensitive to climate factors

מידע נוסף

2019

Microbiologists' Warning to Humanity: microorganisms and climate change

This Consensus Statement documents the central role and global importance of microorganisms In climate change biology

מידע נוסף

2019

שינויי אקלים במזרח התיכון במאה ה- 21 – תצפיות ותחזיות

מידע נוסף

2019

Deep-ocean climate change impacts on habitat, fish and fisheries

This publication focuses on the impacts of climatic changes on demersal fisheries, and the interactions of these fisheries with other species and vulnerable marine ecosystems. The principal cause of climate change is rising greenhouse gases and other compounds in the atmosphere that trap heat causing global warming, leading to deoxygenation and acidification in the oceans

מידע נוסף

2019

Managed retreat as a strategy for climate change adaptation in small communities: public health implications

In coming decades, sea level rise associated with climate change will make some communities uninhabitable. Managed retreat, or planned relocation, is a proactive response prior to catastrophic necessity. Managed retreat has disruptive health, sociocultural, and economic impacts on communities that relocate. Health impacts include mental health, social capital, food security, water supply, sanitation, infectious diseases, injury, and health care access

מידע נוסף

2019

Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience

The accelerating impacts of climate change, and the need to avoid much larger impacts in the future, bring urgency to scaling up action on adaptation and resilience

מידע נוסף

2018

Climate Change Adaptation - Research, Science and Innovation

The historic Paris Agreement set out the challenging long-term goal of keeping global warming to “well below” 2°C above pre-industrial levels while pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5°C. At the same time, it called on societies to build up their resilience and ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change

מידע נוסף

2018

Scientists Warn and Call for the Protection of our Planet

We have never been in the history of mankind as a species in such a moment and place. We have
never faced such a challenge during our stay on this planet. Such a great mobilization of scientists from around the world has never happened before

מידע נוסף

2018

Monitoring and Evaluation Indicators for Climate Change-Related Health Impacts, Risks, Adaptation, and Resilience

Climate change poses a range of current and future health risks that health professionals need to understand, track, and manage. However, conventional monitoring and evaluation (M&E) as practiced in the health sector, including the use of indicators, does not adequately serve this purpose. Improved indicators are needed in three broad categories: (1) vulnerability and exposure to climate-related hazards; (2) current impacts and projected risks; and (3) adaptation processes and health system resi

מידע נוסף

2018

Impacts of climate change on transport: A focus on airports, seaports and inland waterways

The report assesses the impacts of climate change on transport for Europe using projections of climate data, coastal inundation, river flooding and river discharge data. Impacts considered include those of sea level rise, storm surges, extreme weather events and floods on airports and seaports, as well as floods and droughts on inland waterways. Main outputs include the identification of transport infrastructure at risk in future time periods and the estimation of economic impacts

מידע נוסף

2018

A roadmap to effective urban climate change adaptation

This paper outlines a roadmap to effective urban climate change adaptation built from our practical understanding of the evidence and effects of climate change and the preparation of climate change adaptation strategies and plans. This roadmap aims to drive research in achieving fruitful knowledge and solution-based achievable recommendations in adapting to climate change in urban areas with effective and systematic manner

מידע נוסף

2018

The Adaptation Gap Health Report - 2018

The 2018 Adaptation Gap Report has two parts. First, it provides an overview of the status and trends of the adaptation gap in terms of vulnerability to climate change, adaptation costs and finance, and countries’ adaptation commitments and actions. Second, the report undertakes an
in-depth assessment of the adaptation gap in health

מידע נוסף

2017

Port industry survey on climate change impacts and adaptation

Ports are critical infrastructure assets that serve as catalysts of economic growth and development. At the same time, they are also exposed to the risk of the impacts of climate variability and change, particularly in view of their location in coastal zones, low-lying areas and deltas

מידע נוסף

2017

Climate Change, Impacts and Vulnerability in Europe 2016 - An Indicator-based Report

This report is an indicator-based assessment of past and projected climate change and its impacts on ecosystems and society. It also looks at society’s vulnerability to these impacts and at the development of adaptation policies and the underlying knowledge base.

מידע נוסף

2017

Communicating Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience

Communicating the impacts of climate change and possible adaptive responses is a relatively recent branch of the larger endeavor of climate change communication. This recent emergence, in large part, is driven by the fact that the impacts and policy/planning/practice responses have only recently emerged in more widespread public consciousness and discourse, and thus in scholarly treatment

מידע נוסף

2017

WMO Statement on the State of the Global Climate 2017

The global mean temperature in 2017 was approximately 1.1 °C above the pre-industrial
era, more than half way towards the maximum limit of temperature increase of 2 °C sought through the Paris Agreement, which further strives to limit the increase to C 1.5 ° above pre- Industrial levels

מידע נוסף

2017

The Adaptation Gap Report

The 2017 Adaptation Gap Report, which is the third global Adaptation Gap Report by UN Environment – prepared in collaboration with the Global Centre of Excellence on Climate Adaptation – focuses on one of the key questions arising in the wake
of the global goal: What are the ways forward to assess progress towards the global goal on
adaptation?

מידע נוסף

2017

WMO Statement on the state of the global climate in 2016

This latest report confirms that 2016 was the warmest year on record: a remarkable 1.1 °C above the pre-industrial period, which is 0.06 °C above the previous record set in 2015. This increase in global temperature is consistent with other changes in the climate system.

מידע נוסף

2017

Master ADAPT Project - Climate Change Adaptation Practices Across the EU Countries

Within the EU, southern Europe, and the Mediterranean basin in particular, will be most affected by global climate change. Strategies and plans for adaption to climate change are developed at national and regional level in the EU

מידע נוסף

2017

Advancing climate adaptation practices and solutions: Emerging research priorities

This paper builds on insights from Adaptation Futures 2016: Practices and Solutions – the largest
gathering of adaptation experts to date – to identify research priorities at a time when adaptation
is scaling up and moving from planning to implementation around the world. It traces the
evolution of adaptation research over time, reflects on how it has evolved, maps what it looks
like today, anticipates research directions and gaps, and articulates new research priorities

מידע נוסף

2017

Climate Change Adaptation in Pacific Countries: Fostering Resilience Through Gender Equality

Women and girls are disproportionately affected by the impacts of climate change in the Pacific due to prevailing gender inequalities. Meanwhile, the participation and leadership of women in climate change adaptation has been identified globally as critical for fostering resilience in families, communities and nations

מידע נוסף

2016

Adapting to Climate Change: The Remarkable Decline in the US Temperature-Mortality Relationship over the Twentieth Century

This paper examines the temperature-mortality relationship over the course of the twentieth-century United States both for its own interest and to identify potentially useful adaptations for coming decades. There are three primary findings. First, the mortality impact of days with mean temperature exceeding 80°F declined by 75 percent. Almost the entire decline occurred after 1960. Second, the diffusion of residential air conditioning explains essentially the entire decline in hot day–related fa

מידע נוסף

2015

Periodic Report Summary 1 - DYNAMIC (DYNamic feedbacks of climate impacts on current Adaptation and Mitigation Investment Choice)

The DYNAMIC (DYNamic feedbacks of climate impacts on current Adaptation and Mitigation Investment Choice) project proposes a novel framework to evaluate the economic consequences of climate change impacts and related policy responses.

מידע נוסף

2015

בחינת תרומת קבוצות סוציו אקונומיות בישראל לפליטות גזי חממה מצריכת מזון ביתי

לייצור המזון, במיוחד בחקלאות התעשייתית, נודעת השפעה ממשית על היקף פליטות גזי חממה באופן ישיר או עקיף. גזי חממה אלו נוצרים בכל שלבי מחזור החיים של המזון, החל משלב החקלאות ותשומותיו, דרך הייצור, הפצה, קירור, קמעונאות, הכנת המזון בבית וכלה בסילוק הפסולת.למעשה, בעוד שבמחקרים השונים קיימת הסכמה על כך שפליטות גזי חממה מייצור המזון וצריכתו מהוות חלק משמעותי מפליטות גזי החממה בעולם, המחלוקת המחקרית נסובה סביב הערכת היקף הפליטות. לדוגמא, לפי דוח של האו"ם מ- 2014 14.5% מפליטות גזי החממה כתוצאה מפעילו

מידע נוסף

2014

נספח ג- מבוא למדידת חוסן

מידע נוסף

2014

Climate Adaptation: Seizing the Challenge

The World Economic Forum’s Global Agenda Council on Climate Change’s report, Climate Adaptation: Seizing the Challenge, captures some of the latest thinking in the field of climate adaptation and financing, with the goal of assisting decision-makers in the public and private sectors gain a better understanding of the issue

מידע נוסף

2014

Explaining Extreme Weather Events of 2013 from a Climate Perspective

The annual Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (BAMS) special issue on the attribution of last year’s extreme weather events is published today. This year’s issue “explaining extreme events of 2013 – from a climate perspective” includes two papers led by researchers from our climateprediction. This is a highly-cited and influential annual publication coined in 2012 asking whether and to what extent anthropogenic climate change altered the risk of major extreme weather events of the p

מידע נוסף

2014

Lima call for climate action- Decision

Climate Action & UNEP delivered their fifth annual Sustainable Innovation Forum on December 9 in Lima. This year’s event brought together close to 500 leaders from key United Nations bodies, governments, international & regional companies and leading non-governmental organisations (NGO's).

מידע נוסף

2013

מדדים לאיכות חיים, לקיימות ולחוסן לאומי

מדידת חוסן: המונח חוסן resilience נעשה רווח בשיח הציבורי בשנים האחרונות. החוסן הפך
עיקרון מנחה בתכנון של מערכות תשתית, בתכנון עירוני, בהיערכות לאירועי משבר סביבתיים,
כלכליים וחברתיים וכן בארכיטקטורה של מערכות מורכבות שונות ברחבי העולם.

מידע נוסף

2013

United Kingdom national adaptation programme: Making the country resilient to a changing climate

This report outlines the steps government, businesses and communities are already taking to address the most severe and urgent threats of climate change, as identified by Defra last year in its Climate Change Risk Assessment

מידע נוסף

2013

Urban Forest Strategy - City of Sydney

In 2012 the City of Sydney (the City) adopted the Greening Sydney Plan. One of the key elements of that Plan is to develop and protect the City’s urban forest. This Urban Forest Strategy outlines the way the City will work to improve the environment, using trees, while managing the associated risks and costs

מידע נוסף

2012

Climate Change Adaptation in Israel

In accordance with a June 2009 decision by the Israel Government, the Ministry of Environmental Protection is preparing a national climate change adaptation program aimed at reducing the adverse effects of global changes on water scarcity, drought and increased frequency of extreme events, among others

מידע נוסף

2012

Climate Change Risk Assessment for the Agriculture Sector

UK agriculture could be significantly affected by climate change Rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns, changes in sunshine levels and in concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), and increasing frequency of weather events currently considered extreme would all have an impact on operations, productivity and the range of products offered by
the sector

מידע נוסף

2012

Climate Prediction for Adaptation: Who needs what?

The role of short- and long-term climate predictions in determining the success of adaptation to climate change is investigated. A simple theoretical model that captures the relationship between adaptive performance, decision structure, and prediction accuracy at different temporal scales is developed, and its implications deduced. It is shown that users who face high adjustment costs (i.e. are inflexible) depend more heavily on accurate long-term predictions than those who are able to adjust

מידע נוסף

2012

UK climate change risk assessment: government report

The Government published the UK Climate Change Risk Assessment (CCRA) on 25 January 2012, the first assessment of its kind for the UK and the first in a 5 year cycle. It sets out the main priorities for adaptation in the UK under 5 key themes identified in the CCRA 2012 Evidence Report - Agriculture and Forestry; Business, industries and Services; Health and Wellbeing; Natural Environment and Buildings and Infrastructure - and describes the policy context, and action already in place to tackle

מידע נוסף

2011

Urban Forest Strategy: Making a great city greener 2012-2032

This is the City of Melbourne’s first Urban Forest Strategy. It is the product of a collaborative
process, developed over two years with a large number of stakeholders including local and
the broader community in Melbourne

מידע נוסף

2011

2011 Bonn Declaration of Mayors

This declaration is the outcome document of the Mayors Adaptation Forum, which forms the Mayors segment of the Resilient Cities 2011 congress. It highlights the need to build resilience to disasters as a critical issue. It also signals the need to take appropriate action to build local capacities in reducing risk to disasters including those exacerbated by climate change.
The declaration advocates for the implementation of the following: (i) mainstreaming new adaptation and resilience standard

מידע נוסף

2011

A double-resolution transient RCM climate change

A double-resolution regional experiment on hydrodynamic simulation of climate over the eastern Mediterranean (EM) region was performed using an International Center for Theoretical Physics, Trieste RegCM3 model. The RegCM3 was driven from the lateral boundaries by the data from the ECHAM5/MPI-OM global climate simulation performed at the MPI-M, Hamburg and based on the A1B IPCC scenario of greenhouse gases emission. Two simulation runs for the time period 1960-2060, employing spatial resolutions

מידע נוסף

2011

Climate Change Adaptation and Real Option Evaluation: A Case Study in Campeche, Mexico

This report illustrates the application of a (relatively) new method to guide decision making under high (and unknowable) levels of uncertainty. The approach allows for the identification of robust policy options that are economically beneficial under different scenarios and varying levels uncertainty. Option value techniques are commonly employed in the finance literature to identify investment decisions that are resilient across a spectrum of outcomes. The methods are technically advanced

מידע נוסף

2011

ipcc summary for policymakers

The Working Group III Special Report on Renewa
ble Energy Sources and Climate Change
Mitigation (SRREN) presents an assessment of th
e literature on the scientific, technological,
environmental, economic and social aspects of
the contribution of six renewable energy (RE)
sources to the mitigation of climate change. It is
intended to provide policy relevant information to
governments, intergovernmental processes and ot
her interested parties. This Summary for
Policymakers provides an ov

מידע נוסף

2008

Climate change- vulnerability and adaptation indicators

The purpose of this Technical Paper is to rehearse some fundamental concepts surrounding the
development and delineation of adaptation indicators. It builds upon the outputs of an Expert meeting
on climate change vulnerability and adaptation indicators (Budapest, September 2008) and on the
contents of a Background Paper that was prepared for the meeting.

מידע נוסף